The detection of illegal drugs has been an established procedure in forensic toxicology since the mid-1990s. Once ingested, opiates, cocaine, cannabinoides and amphetamines are metabolized in the body and their breakdown products enter permanently into the hair root from where they are deposited permanently in the hair in characteristic relationships parent substance/metabolite.
As hair grows from the root (at approximately 1 cm per month), these deposits are delayed to a certain extent, therefore, they can not be detected until the hair grows out a bit (2-4 weeks). The distance from the scalp of the hair portion containing drugs allows us to estimate the approximate time of drug consumption. The deposited substances are relatively stable in the face of external influences such as hair treatments, cosmetics and sunlight. Due to the way in which drugs are deposited in the hair, hair analysis provides us with a detailed view of drug consumption over the past weeks or months. Consumption on a day-to-day basis can be detected by analyzing blood and urine samples.
Trace amounts of ethanol from the environment are present in all hair including in the hair of teetotalers. Simply being in a pub or laboratory is enough for traces of ethanol to find their way into the hair.
In contrast to other drugs consumed, alcohol is not deposited directly in the hair. For this reason the investigation procedure looks for direct products of ethanol metabolism. The main part of alcohol is oxidized in the human body. This means it is released as water and carbon dioxide. One part of the alcohol reacts with fatty acids to produce esters. The sum of the concentrations of four of these fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs: ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate) are used as indicators of the alcohol consumption. The amounts found in hair are measured in nanograms (one nanogram equals only one billionth of a gram), however with the benefit of modern technology, it is possible to detect such small amounts.
In the mass spectrometer the substances are fired with an electronic beam. Every molecule decomposes into specific fragments. It is possible to determine which substance is present on basis of its molecular weight.
However there is one major difference between most drugs and alcohol metabolites (FAEE) in the way in which they enter into the hair: on the one hand like other drugs FAEEs enter into the hair via the ceratinocytes, the cells responsible for hair growth. These cells form the hair in the root and then grow through the skin surface taking any substances with them. On the other hand the sebaceous glands produce FAEEs in the scalp and these migrate together with the sebum along the hair shaft (Auwarter et al., 2001, Pragst et al., 2004). So these glands lubricate not only the part of the hair that is just growing at 0.3 millimeters per day on the skin surface, but also the more mature hair growth, providing it with a protective layer of fat.
This means the glands supply the whole length of hair with sebum, which in turn carries FAEEs into the hair, resulting in an accumulative increase of FAEEs from proximal to distal hair sections, see next figure (Auwarter et al., 2001).
This phenomenon has one important consequence: whilst most other drugs are mainly stored in the hair via the root alone, allowing toxicologists to establish time-resolved patterns of consumption according to the length of hair provided, this is not possible with alcohol (FAEEs) with respect to previous drinking and abstinence. This would only be possible using alcohol markers which enter the hair solely through the hair root, but these have not yet been discovered.
However there exists a significant correlation between the intensity of the alcohol intake and the concentrations of the FAEEs in hair. Results between 0.05 and 30 ng/mg were found in hair (Pragst et al., 2006).
Fig. 2: Profile of FAEE concentrations (based on Pragst, 2004).
Case 1 is a strictly abstinent person. Case 2 is a social drinker. Case 3 is a patient in alcohol rehabilitation (self-reporting 60 grams ethanol per day for at least 6 months). The increase in FAEE concentrations from proximal to distal sections up to a length of 5-10 cm found in most cases could be explained by the sebum deposition route. The hair is continuously bathed by sebum, and this leads to an accumulation of the concentrations with increasing age, i.e., distance of hair from skin.
As a consequence of the increasing FAEE concentrations from proximal to distal it is preferable to always analyze, if possible, a standard length of hair. For example analysis of a 1cm hair sample taken close to the scalp will give a much lower result than the analysis of a 6 cm long sample also taken close to the scalp from the same person. For this reason we standardly use the proximal 0-6 cm segment of head hair in exactly the same procedure. For samples analyzed under these standard conditions the cutoff level is set at 1.0 ng/mg. The same holds true for body hair of any length (length is genetically determined, body hair grows more slowly and has different growth cycles, etc.). However for shorter head hair the analysis changes (e.g.: for only 3 cm we reduce the cut off level to 0.5 ng/mg). The closer the conditions (i.e. hair length) are to the standard procedure, the more certain we can be of the accuracy of the result.
A 6 cm long hair sample can be used to look back over 6 to 12 months (this is commonly used in Germany to test drivers). If head hair is not available or is too short (minimum: 2 cm) underarm, chest, leg and pubic hair may be analyzed. Body hair gives us a picture going back up to twelve months.
APPLICATION
Legal Sector
A child has just been taken away by social services due to a report that the child's parents are taking cocaine.
Within seven days, the parents applied for legal counsel to assist them in getting the child back into its regular home. Upon making an application to the court by the parent's solicitors, the legal counsel representing the child (now in care) requests for both parents to undergo hair drug testing. This is sometimes called a "tricho test" (the word derives from "trichology", meaning the study of the hair and scalp).
Upon the application, the court made an order to complete the test before the next hearing. The test was conducted on both parents over a three-month period that demonstrated both mother and father had abused cocaine in month three (60-90 days) and the results for months two (30-60 days) and month one (0-30 days) were negative. This supported the statements of both parents that their usage had decreased. Note: hair drug testing allows one to look at patterns of abuse so one can effectively judge if an individual has long-term drug dependency. Based on this, the right choices can be made for the benefit of the child.
Corporate Sector
An individual in an existing job is suspended as the company has a zero-tolerance policy against drugs.
She was asked to do a urine test (common practice in most organisations) and the results for this test demonstrated that she was suspected of using cannabis. Further investigation of the individual's medical records showed that she was having regular massages for a back injury and it was further noted that the masseur was using hemp oil. The company felt that it was necessary that considerable efforts were made to ensure that the individual was not using the illegal substance (cannabis) and sought to have a hair drug test over the last 12 months. The test results were negative for the whole period demonstrating clearly that the individual did not have any pattern of drug abuse. This corroberated and made stronger the evidence presented by the employee. Note: hair drug testing can help employers with responsibility to accurately identify whether drugs were ingested illegally or previous results from other methods were reporting false positives.
Schools
Urine testing (traditional method in random drug testing in schools) is known to be invasive, embarrassing and generates false positives.
This was identified in a recent case where a school had a parent protesting the innocence of her sons' drug test. The son assured his parents that he did not ingest any of the drugs he was accused of taking. The first step in the parents' process to prove innocence was a hair drug test to clearly show that no substance was found in the child's body in the last three months. This particular hair drug test was run at limits of detection, looking at any substances detected in the body. When this was presented to the school, the school remained supportive over their original finding in the urine test. The parents wrote to the media which raised attention to the urine test conducted and forced the school to have the testing kit itself analysed by an independant third party. It was discovered that the urine kit was faulty. If the school had chosen to use hair drug testing in the first instance, the accurate identification of possible substance abuse would have taken place in the first instance with no room for false positives.
More information can be found by visiting: TriMegaLabs
